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Computer Engineering What is Computer Engineering? Computer engineering focuses on the hardware aspect of computing, such as making computers smaller, faster, and more efficient. Difference Between Computer Engineering (CE) and Computer Science (CS) Computer Science (CS) focuses on software, including courses such as Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Machine Learning, Database Management, Operating Systems, Cybersecurity. Computer Engineering (CE) focuses on hardware, with courses like Circuit Design, Microprocessors, Signal Processing, Networking Hardware Top Schools for Computer Engineering Renowned universities for Computer Engineering include MIT, Stanford, UC Berkeley. Other strong programs: Purdue University, University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin) Application Requirements To apply for Computer Engineering, students need strong high school academic performance, excellent grades in Math and Physics. Relevant Extracurricular Activities like robotics competitions, Math and physics contests, coding projects and hackathons. Participation in school clubs related to programming or engineering, pre-college summer courses, or science fairs Career Prospects Electronics Companies such as Apple, Intel, NVIDIA. Automotive & Aerospace such as Tesla, General Motors, Boeing. Medical Device Companies such as Siemens, specializing in imaging equipment and medical robots. Financial Services. Telecommunications. Salary Expectations: Entry-level salary range is $70,000–$90,000 per year. Mid-level salary is approximately $140,000 per year Computer Science What is Computer Science (CS)? CS primarily focuses on software development and computational theories. It offers a wide range of specialized fields that address emerging technologies and real-world applications. Popular CS specializations include Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning, Data Mining, Software Engineering, Cybersecurity, Human-Computer Interaction, Visual Design, Distributed Systems, Robotics, Natural Language Processing (NLP), Quantum Computing, Cloud Computing, Game Design, and Internet of Things (IoT). Fast-growing fields within CS include Quantum Computing, Augmented Reality (AR) & Virtual Reality (VR), and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Career Prospects To increase employability, students should focus on mastering programming (e.g., Python, Java, C++) and developing a strong understanding of cybersecurity principles. The average starting salary for CS graduates is approximately $90,000 per year. Job opportunities are concentrated in tech hubs such as the San Francisco Bay Area, Texas (Austin, Dallas), New York, and Boston, with emerging tech cities like Denver, Raleigh, and Atlanta also offering many opportunities. Electrical Engineering (EE) Electrical Engineering (EE) covers areas such as circuits, electromagnetics, control systems, signal processing, power systems (strong and weak electricity), communication, and renewable energy systems. Application Requirements For students interested in applying to this major, strong high school performance in mathematics and physics is essential. Recommended extracurricular activities include STEM-related competitions like robotics, programming contests, or science fairs. Additionally, personal projects or portfolios—submitted through platforms like GitHub—can demonstrate technical skills. Internships or volunteer experiences related to the field also significantly enhance competitiveness in applications. Top Schools for Electrical Engineering In addition to well-known universities, schools with strong EE programs include USC, Wisconsin-Madison, Virginia Tech, Texas A&M, and the University of Florida. Career Prospects Employment prospects for Electrical Engineering (EE) graduates span multiple industries, including technology companies that develop microprocessors and memory systems, communication companies like AT&T, Verizon, and Cisco, as well as the electric vehicle and aerospace sectors. The energy industry, with companies such as the State Grid, GE, and Siemens, also employs many EE professionals. Rapidly growing fields include smart grids for improved energy efficiency, the Internet of Things (IoT), hardware-AI integration, electric vehicles and battery technology, as well as robotics and automation. To quickly secure a desirable job in these fields, I recommend acquiring skills such as programming—not limited to computer science but also essential in engineering. Knowledge of hardware description languages, control theory, signal processing, power system analysis, project management, and effective communication is equally important. Starting salaries in the industry range from $70,000 to $85,000, with mid-level positions averaging $120,000. Operations Research (OR) Operations Research (OR) applies analytical tools, mathematical models, and optimization techniques to assist organizations in decision-making and improving efficiency. While it is categorized as an engineering discipline, it primarily uses engineering methods to address business challenges. As a result, many OR graduates find roles in accounting, consulting, or finance. OR offers several subfields; for example, Columbia University allows students to specialize in business analytics, technological entrepreneurship, financial engineering, logistics and supply chain, machine learning, optimization, or stochastic models. Top Schools for Operations Research Renowned universities for OR include Columbia (offering multiple subfields), Cornell (focused on data-driven decision analysis), Princeton (under OR and Financial Engineering), and the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor (under Industrial and Operations Engineering). Northwestern University offers OR as a subfield within industrial engineering, blending it with analytics. Other strong programs include USC and UIUC. Career Prospects OR graduates are well-suited for roles such as data analysts in tech companies, offering a stronger foundation in quantitative analysis than many business analytics graduates. Other opportunities include data analysis, supply chain analysis to optimize processes, financial analysis (as financial analysts or quantitative analysts in the finance sector), and management consulting, where OR backgrounds help streamline processes and inform strategic decisions. Emerging industries include AI-driven optimization, automated transportation, and logistics and supply chain advancements. To secure ideal positions, students should strengthen their foundation in mathematics and statistics, build proficiency in optimization models and programming, and enhance communication skills, especially in data visualization. Many OR concepts are abstract, so the ability to clearly and visually present complex ideas is crucial. Average starting salaries range from $60,000 to $80,000, but mid-level incomes vary significantly by industry. Key employment hubs include the Bay Area (technology) and the East Coast (finance and consulting). Mechanical Engineering The main areas of study in this field include materials mechanics, thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, machine design, industrial processes, control systems, robotics, aerospace engineering, nanotechnology, acoustics, and vibration engineering. Mechanical engineering covers a wide range, from small nano systems to large, complex industrial equipment. It spans the study of sound, fluid flow, and air systems. Top Schools for Mechanical Engineering There are many schools that offer this program, as nearly all research-oriented universities have an engineering school. As long as there is an engineering school, there will be a mechanical engineering program. In addition to the well-known top schools, institutions like UT Austin, UCSD, Virginia Tech, PSU, TAMU, and UF also offer excellent mechanical engineering programs. Job Prospects Career Prospects Because mechanical engineering covers such a broad range of fields, it is relatively easy to find a job. Related industries include automotive, aerospace, industrial manufacturing and design, energy and utilities, robotics and automation, medical devices, and consulting. High-growth areas include additive manufacturing (3D printing), robotics manufacturing, and renewable energy. Familiarity with technologies such as CAD and design software, programming, project management, and control systems and automation makes it easier to find a job. The starting salary is around $80,000. Key job hubs include the Bay Area, Texas, Boston, Detroit, Southern California, and Seattle. 

Mathematics-Related Majors: Mathematics, Applied Mathematics, Statistics Mathematics is called the foundation of all disciplines, and there is some truth to this statement. Undergraduate mathematics programs typically offer two degrees options: a Bachelor of Science (BS) and a Bachelor of Arts (BA). The key difference between them is that the BS degree places more emphasis on technical and scientific aspects of mathematics. BS students take more advanced courses in both theoretical and applied mathematics, along with classes related to physics, computer science, and engineering. On the other hand, many liberal arts colleges award a BA degree in mathematics. While BA students also take a substantial number of math courses, they have more flexibility to take classes in the humanities and social sciences. Generally, a BS degree leans more toward quantitative studies. Types of Mathematics Majors Common math-related majors include Mathematics, Statistics, and Applied Mathematics. Here’s a breakdown of the differences: Mathematics focuses on theory and building new mathematical frameworks. It is less concerned with real-world applications. Applied Mathematics combines math with other fields like engineering and physics to solve real-world problems, such as optimizing supply chains, modeling disease transmission, or designing big data algorithms. Statistics is considered a branch of applied math that focuses on collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data. In simple terms, statistics uses data to make decisions. The key difference between mathematics and statistics lies in their relationship to reality: Mathematics does not necessarily require data or real-world context. Statistics is entirely based on real-world data. If the data source is flawed, the statistical model will fail. Moreover, statistics has strong practical applications in various fields. Application Information · There are no additional application requirements for math majors. However, high school math courses are critical. In addition to advanced math, it’s better also to take courses in statistics and physics. · The number of applicants for math majors is generally lower compared to fields like engineering and business. If a student excels in math in high school and does not dislike the subject, applying as a math major could be a good option to getting into a top university. In an ideal world, students can align both their preferred major and college. However, in reality—especially when applying to top schools—students may need to make trade-offs. For example, they might need to prioritize between getting into a top school or pursuing a specific but competitive major like computer science. Top schools for Applied Mathematics : MIT, NYU – NYU was the top-ranked applied math program for a long time. Other strong programs include UCLA, Brown, UT Austin, University of Minnesota (Twin Cities), and UNC Chapel Hill. Top schools for Statistics : Yale, Duke, Northwestern. Other highly ranked schools include UVA, Emory, and UNC Chapel Hill. Career Prospects Many students with an undergraduate degree in math pursue master’s or Ph.D. programs in engineering or business schools. A strong math background is an advantage for careers in actuarial science, accounting, or finance. The median salary for math and statistics jobs is around $104,000. However, pure math or statistics jobs can be harder to find. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, there were only about 30,000 job openings in math and statistics in 2023. In contrast, applied math roles like actuarial science, and big data are much more in demand. For example: Big data jobs : In 2023, there were 200,000 job openings in the U.S., with a growth rate of 36% . Actuarial science : This was covered in our episode on business-related majors. Biology-Related Majors: Biology & Biochemistry Biology covers a broad range of topics, including plants, animals, microorganisms, ecology, evolution, and genetics . Biochemistry is a specialized branch of biology that focuses on the chemical processes within living organisms . It studies proteins, acids, enzymes, DNA, RNA , and other molecules at the molecular level. Biology covers a broad range of subjects, studying all living organisms, including plants, animals, microorganisms, ecology, evolution, and genetics . In contrast, biochemical research operates at the molecular level , concentrating on proteins, acids, enzymes, DNA, RNA , and other molecular structures. Application Information (Biology/Biochemistry) Almost all universities offer biology programs. Top schools for biology include: Stanford , Harvard , MIT , UCLA , UC Berkeley , University of Michigan , UNC Chapel Hill , and UCSF . Career Prospects Biochemistry graduates often work in laboratories , pharmaceutical companies , or medical institutions . Biology graduates may pursue careers in research, but many need to earn a Ph.D. or even postdoctoral experience. Careers in biomedical engineering or bioinformatics tend to have better job prospects compared to traditional biology roles. The median salary for biochemistry-related careers in 2023 was around $107,000 . Chemistry-Related Majors: Chemistry & Materials Science Chemistry involves the study of matter, its properties, and the changes it undergoes. It's a vast field, and organic chemistry is often considered one of the toughest subjects for students. Materials Science is a cross-disciplinary field that combines chemistry, physics, and engineering to study materials and their applications. Applications of materials science include electronics, aerospace, and biotechnology . Examples of materials science innovations include batteries , nanomaterials , and biomaterials such as artificial organs, synthetic skin, and surgical adhesives . Application Information Top schools for chemistry and materials science include: MIT , Stanford , UC Berkeley , UIUC , Georgia Tech , UT Austin , Penn State (PSU) , and University of Florida (UF) . Career Prospects (Chemistry/Materials Science) Materials science graduates often work in industries such as: Electronics and telecommunications Energy Healthcare Aerospace Environmental sustainability Most materials science jobs require only a bachelor's degree , making it a field with a relatively low entry barrier . Environmental Science Due to growing attention to climate change and pollution and waste management, environmental science has become increasingly popular. Key areas within environmental science include: Ecology Climate studies Pollution and waste management Conservation Earth sciences Environmental policy and law Application Information Top schools for environmental science include: University of Florida (UF) UC Berkeley (UCB) University of Michigan (U Mich) UC Santa Barbara (UCSB) UC Davis (UCD) Career Prospects (Environmental Science) Environmental science graduates can work in: Government agencies (such as the EPA ) NGOs Research institutions Consulting firms (as environmental consultants) Private companies (especially in renewable energy and sustainability sectors).

Public Health As the name suggests, Public Health focuses on issues related to community and population health. Core topics include epidemiology, biostatistics, health policy and management, nutrition, environmental and climate health, child psychology and family health, and public health big data. Application Information ● Undergraduate: The application process for undergraduate programs in Public Health is similar to other majors, with no additional specific requirements. ● Master’s Degree (MPH): For graduate studies, applications are typically submitted through the SOPHAS (Schools of Public Health Application Service) system. Some schools, such as UNC, require both SOPHAS and a separate application through their university’s system. Schools Offering Public Health Programs ● Undergraduate Programs: Public Health is not widely offered as an undergraduate major. Recommended schools include: ○ UNC-Chapel Hill ○ University of Michigan ○ Texas A&M ○ UC San Diego ○ UT Austin ○ University of Florida ● Top MPH Programs: ○ Harvard University ○ Johns Hopkins University ○ UNC-Chapel Hill ○ Columbia University ○ UC Berkeley Job Prospects One significant advantage of public health programs is their emphasis on practical experience. For example, UNC requires students to complete a minimum of 200 hours in a practicum, working with government agencies, NGOs, or other partnered organizations (paid or unpaid). Graduates typically work in government, NGOs, or nonprofit organizations. Salaries vary depending on the sector but generally range from $60,000 to $120,000 annually. While not exceptionally high-paying, the field offers fulfilling career paths and opportunities to make a meaningful impact on public well-being. Radiation Therapy Radiation Therapy programs are typically housed within medical schools. Unlike becoming a physician (which requires an MD and years of training), this field has lower barriers to entry, shorter study durations, and less demanding exams. For example, the clinical diagnostic radiation therapy program at the University of Pennsylvania takes three years of study and includes a one-year fellowship. Schools Offering Undergraduate Radiation Therapy Programs Because this is a technical field, there aren’t many schools offering undergraduate degrees in Radiation Therapy. Notable programs include: ● University of Michigan (Flint) ● UNC-Chapel Hill ● University of Missouri-Columbia ● Rutgers University Graduates must obtain certification from the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT). Job Prospects Radiation Therapy is an attractive field due to its shorter education timeline, lower application thresholds, and significant career growth opportunities. Programs often provide internship experiences during the course of study. For instance, at the University of Pennsylvania, students complete rotations at hospitals like Penn Medicine and the world-renowned Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP). It’s not difficult to find a job, with median Salary of $61,370 annually. With its combination of lower entry barriers, solid earning potential, and job demand, Radiation Therapy is an excellent choice for those interested in healthcare without the lengthy commitment of pursuing an MD. Nursing Nursing is a medical-related field with a significant employment gap in the U.S., offering high demand and stable career opportunities. While the job can be physically and emotionally demanding, it is not overwhelmingly so compared to physicians. Additionally, if you are fluent in a second language can be a valuable advantage in the workforce. Schools offering nursing Almost every university in the U.S. offers a nursing program, making it widely accessible. Graduates must obtain relevant certifications, such as Registered Nurse (RN) or Nurse Practitioner (NP) licenses, depending on their specialization. Job Prospects ● Registered Nurse (RN): Median salary is $89,010 annually. ● Nurse Practitioner (NP): Median salary is $124,680 annually. Pre-Med Pre-med is not a major but a track that prepares students to apply to medical school. You can major in anything—biology, engineering, or even non-science disciplines—as long as you fulfill the medical school prerequisites. For example, Johns Hopkins University’s pre-health program explicitly states: "Johns Hopkins University does not have one standard set of classes that will help you fulfill course requirements for medical/health professions school. We recommend students consider the following general guidelines for completing pre-medical/pre-health course requirements." General Pre-Med Course Requirements To meet medical school requirements, students are typically advised to complete the following courses: ● Chemistry: 2 courses in general (inorganic) chemistry with associated labs. ● Organic Chemistry: 2 courses with associated labs. ● Biology: 2 courses with associated labs. ● Biochemistry: 1 course. ● Physics: 2 courses in general physics with associated labs. ● Mathematics and Statistics: 1 course in each. ● English/Writing: 2 courses emphasizing writing or English. ● Social and Behavioral Sciences: 2 courses, such as Introduction to Psychology and Introduction to Sociology. In summary, while technically you only need to take the required courses during your undergraduate years to apply for medical school, the pre-med track o ffers much more than just coursework. What Majors Do Pre-Med Students Choose? Pre-med students can choose any major as long as they fulfill medical school prerequisites. However, the following majors are particularly popular: Biology: Over half of pre-med students major in biology or its subfields since the medical school prerequisites overlap significantly with biology courses. Chemistry and Physics: These are the second most common choices due to their alignment with med school requirements. Psychology, Economics, and Other Social Sciences: About 10% of medical school admits major in social sciences. These students often need to take additional coursework to meet pre-med requirements. Mathematics and Statistics: Although these majors have minimal overlap with med school prerequisites, their students tend to achieve the highest average MCAT scores and GPAs. What is the Value of Pre-Med? Why Is It Popular? Think of pre-med as a one-stop support system for students planning to apply to medical school. Schools with strong pre-med programs provide resources to help students prepare and plan for med school applications effectively. For instance, Johns Hopkins University's pre-health program offers comprehensive support, including guidance on: ● Summer activities ● Study abroad opportunities ● Hospital internships ● Research projects ● Volunteer and community service ● Course selection ● Preparing for standardized tests like the MCAT (Medical College Admission Test) or DAT (Dental Admission Test). Structure of Pre-Med Tracks The pre-med track typically spans four years, aligning with the undergraduate timeline. However, due to the extensive time required for medical school training, many students opt for BS/MD programs, which combine a bachelor's degree and a medical degree into a single accelerated pathway. These programs allow students to complete the pre-med phase in three years. BS/MD Programs BS/MD programs allow students to apply for both their bachelor's and medical degrees simultaneously and complete both at the same institution. Pros Save time: Traditional medical education takes 8 years (4 years of undergrad + 4 years of medical school). BS/MD programs usually allow students to finish in 7 years. Simplified Admissions: Students are admitted into both programs upfront, many programs remov the need to reapply for medical school, especially the requirement of MCAT. Cons Highly Competitive: Admission rates are incredibly low, usually between 1%-5% , even lower than Ivy League acceptance rates. For top programs like Brown’s PLME, Case Western Reserve’s PPSP, Pittsburgh’s GAP, or Baylor 2Baylor, acceptance rates are even smaller. In conclusion, while pre-med is not a major, it offers a structured pathway and valuable resources for students aiming for medical school. The choice of major and whether to pursue a BS/MD program depends on individual goals, academic strengths, and long-term career plans. Dentistry There are fewer dental schools (approximately 70) compared to medical schools (155). Dental schools offer two degrees: DDS (Doctor of Dental Surgery) and DMD (Doctor of Dental Medicine). ● DDS : The traditional dental degree awarded by most dental schools. ● DMD : First introduced by Harvard in 1867 to emphasize the increasing medical applications in dentistry. Despite the different names, there is no practical distinction between DDS and DMD degrees. Application Process Applications are submitted through the ADEA (American Dental Education Association) system. Students must complete the Dental Admission Test (DAT) and meet all prerequisite coursework requirements before applying. ● The average acceptance rate for dental schools is 5%, slightly higher than for medical schools. ● Top programs, like Harvard’s, are highly competitive, admitting only around 35 students per year. Top Dental Schools Highly ranked dental schools include: ● Harvard University ● University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) ● University of Michigan ● University of North Carolina (UNC) ● New York University (NYU) ● University of Pennsylvania (Penn) ● Columbia University ● University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Job prospects Dentists enjoy strong earning potential with starting salaries ranging from $120,000 to $160,000 annually. Specialists like orthodontists and oral surgeons typically earn even more. Dentistry offers a high-reward career path, combining strong salaries, specialized training, and the opportunity to provide impactful patient care. 

Product Design/Integrated Design Programs Product design is a highly popular field today, sitting at the intersection of design and engineering. A prime example is Apple, which excels in this area, dedicating extensive effort to product design, user experience, and interaction design for its devices, such as phones and headsets. Application Information This program requires a portfolio, so applicants must have a foundation in design, drawing, sculpture, or other 2D or 3D design skills. Schools that offer this major include CMU, Georgia Tech, NYU, and Northeastern. Employment Outlook Job prospects in this field are excellent. The starting salary for product design is around $140,000. Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) HCI is an interdisciplinary field combining computer science, design, psychology, linguistics, literature, and communication. The focus of study is primarily on human-computer interaction and user experience (UX). There are numerous real-world applications, such as voice-based interactions like Siri and Alexa, as well as systems like ChatGPT, making HCI a widely applicable major. Application Information Some branches of this field require a portfolio, while other requirements are similar to those for general majors. Schools offering HCI programs include CMU, Georgia Tech, Stanford, University of Washington (Seattle), UCSD, University of Maryland, Cornell, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and Tufts. Employment Outlook Graduates in this field can pursue careers as UX Designers, Front-end Developers, Content Strategists, and Product Managers. The starting salary is typically around $60,000. Computational Biology/Bioinformatics Computational biology or bioinformatics is a branch of biology that integrates significant elements of computer science and statistics. For instance, at Carnegie Mellon, this major falls under the School of Computer Science, while at UPenn, it is part of the biology department. This major requires students to master both statistical methods and computational skills while also meeting the demands of biology, including experimental biology. The most critical aspect is the ability to bridge these two fields. Courses typically include statistics, probability, computer science fundamentals, machine learning, algorithms, data structures, matrices, advanced mathematics, chemistry, biology, biochemistry, cellular biology, and quantitative gene analysis. As you can see, students pursuing this major need strong skills across the sciences, making them versatile problem-solvers. Application Information Schools that offer this undergraduate major include CMU, UPenn, Case Western, JHU, the University of Pittsburgh, Northeastern, the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Rutgers, and others. It’s important to note that interdisciplinary programs like this aren’t limited to top-tier schools—many mid-tier universities also offer excellent programs in this field. Employment Outlook Graduates often find careers in biotech companies, pharmaceutical companies, hospitals, medical and biological research, and pharmaceutical development. Starting salaries vary depending on the industry. 

Economics Introduction Economics studies how humans make the most efficient use of scarce resources to produce and distribute goods and services to meet human needs. The discipline covers various economic activities, principles, and theories, typically divided into "Macroeconomics" and "Microeconomics." For example, economics explores phenomena like supply and demand, inflation, exchange rates, and interest rates, focusing on how these factors affect economies. The field tends to be theoretical, and students usually need a solid background in mathematics. Economics can be divided into several branches, including but not limited to macroeconomics, microeconomics, econometrics, and development economics. Each branch delves into different aspects of economic theory and application. Application Process Admissions for economics programs highly emphasize math performance and advanced economics coursework. For instance, the University of Pennsylvania's Economics Department requires students to take AP Macroeconomics and Microeconomics or their equivalent (Econ 0100 and Econ 0200). For IB students, a score of 6 or higher in Higher Level Economics is required. UC Berkeley expects applicants to have completed courses in macroeconomics, microeconomics, calculus, and statistics. If you're aiming for top-ranked universities, having a strong foundation in high school math, statistics, and economics courses is essential. Economics is also a popular major, often chosen by students who want to apply to business schools but shift to economics due to intense competition in business programs. Most economics programs do not offer a master's degree—only undergraduate and PhD options—highlighting the theoretical nature of the subject. Job Prospects Graduates in economics can pursue careers in finance, as investment analysts or market researchers, or work in consulting firms, particularly in management consulting roles. Additionally, they may find opportunities in NGOs and international organizations like the World Bank or the International Monetary Fund, as well as in government agencies. However, job prospects in economics are closely tied to the prestige of the school; graduates from top universities tend to have better job opportunities, while those from lower-ranked schools may face more challenges. Education Education as a field doesn’t equal to traditional teacher training. It has various subfields, such as Educational Statistics, Educational Policy and Management, Early Childhood Education, Special Education, Educational Psychology, and Educational Technology. These subfields vary in terms of job prospects, with some being easier to find employment in than others, which we will explore further. Application Process Generally, education is considered a relatively easy field to apply for. There are no specific or highly specialized admission requirements beyond those of the university’s general application criteria. Job Prospects For those studying teacher education (teacher training), it’s not difficult to find a job, as there is currently a significant shortage of teachers. But, we all know that salaries for teaching positions aren’t high. On the other hand, certain education subfields offer better job prospects and salaries, such as Educational Statistics and Educational Psychology. For example, the starting salary for educational psychologists is around $66,000. In summary, while teaching positions are in high demand but offer lower pay, certain specialized areas in education provide both solid employment opportunities and competitive salaries. Communication  Communication has several branches. There is journalism (in some schools, journalism is a separate major), media or mass communication, and interdisciplinary fields that intersect with advertising and public relations. Application Requirements Communication requires strong language skills, especially in writing. For instance, Northwestern’s media program has a minimum TOEFL score requirement of 100 for foreign applicants and does not accept super scoring. Employment Outlook Traditional media fields, such as newspapers, magazines, and broadcast television, are more challenging for job seekers. However, advertising and public relations offer better prospects. The entry-level salary in the advertising industry is around $60,000, which is the national average. Salaries on the East Coast tend to be higher. Political Science Subfields of Political science usually include political theory (starting with Greek philosophy and government), American politics, comparative politics, public policy, and international relations. Application Information Political Science requires extensive reading and writing. So, it can be challenging if you don’t like to read and write a lot of materials in short period of time. Admissions will pay close attention to grades in social studies courses, especially those related to American government and history. Employment Outlook Political science provides good job prospects, which might surprise some people. Many political science graduates go on to law school, as the major is a natural pathway, like how biology majors often go to medical school. In terms of employment, many graduates work in government as civil servants, while others find roles in NGOs and think tanks. There’s also a good number of graduates pursue careers in lobbying and campaign management, such as campaign managers.

Finance Finance, simply put, is the study of how individuals, organizations, and companies effectively raise, allocate, and utilize funds over a period of time. It is a discipline focused on capital management. Although economics and business studies also involve finance, a finance major delves more deeply into the field. Specific topics in finance include money, securities, banking, insurance, capital markets, derivatives, investment, and financial management. Finance is relatively math-oriented, requiring knowledge of advanced mathematics and statistics. Admission Requirements Students need a strong foundation in mathematics. For undergraduate applicants, it’s crucial to pay attention to your math grades. For master's applicants, you must have studied calculus, accounting, statistics, and basic economics during your undergraduate studies. Those with a liberal arts background can also apply for a master’s in finance, but it’s preferable to have taken courses in mathematics and business as minors. The undergraduate finance program takes four years. A master’s in finance usually takes one year and is highly practical. Career Paths Graduates can work as financial advisors, securities brokers, fund managers, or in private client services and mergers and acquisitions in investment banks, consulting firms, or commercial bank loan departments. The starting salary for a finance master's graduate from Vanderbilt University is around $86,000, while the starting salary for an undergraduate is relatively lower but still competitive. Financial Mathematics/Financial Engineering Financial Engineering is an interdisciplinary field that combines finance, mathematics, and computer science. It is also known as Mathematical Finance or Quantitative Finance. Financial Engineering involves the development of technical solutions to financial problems using engineering approaches, including financial product design, pricing, trading strategy development, and risk management. Courses are usually co-taught by the business school, mathematics department, and engineering school. Admission Requirements Due to the excellent job prospects, it is one of the most demanding majors in terms of background requirements. Students must have a strong foundation in mathematics and a solid programming background, including skills in C/C++, VBA (programming tools), MATLAB (modeling), and MAPLE. Many students majoring in financial engineering come from mathematics or computer science backgrounds. Humanities students can apply, but they must excel in mathematics and programming. If you don’t like math and coding, this major might not be a good fit for you. Career Paths Financial Engineering differs from Finance as it primarily trains technical professionals in the financial industry known as Quantitative Analysts, or Quants. Quants are primarily employed in investment banks, hedge funds, commercial banks, and financial institutions, where they work on developing and applying derivatives pricing models, programming, and risk management. Since Financial Engineering professionals are considered the gatekeepers (risk controllers) and brains (pricing and product modeling) of the finance industry, their compensation is quite high. For instance, the median starting salary for financial engineering graduates from Carnegie Mellon is approximately $136,000. Business Analytics and Data Science Although Data Science is not traditionally considered a business discipline, the rise of Business Analytics and the popularity of Big Data have somewhat pulled Data Science into the business realm, as it is seen as lucrative and prestigious. Business Analytics (BA) originated from Data Science, but there are three key differences between them: 1. Automation and Skill Requirements: Many Business Analytics tools can automatically perform functions, requiring minimal Data Science expertise from the user. For example, students studying BA are like users who can operate Microsoft Office but don’t need to know how to develop Microsoft Office. Whereas Data Science students are the ones who create Microsoft Office. 2. Problem-Solving Focus: Business Analysts focus on analyzing historical data to solve specific business problems, while Data Scientists generally do not solve specific problems. Data Scientists use advanced statistical methods to explore data, uncover patterns, and use features within the data to guide analysis and predictions. 3. Application Fields: Data Science has a broader range of applications and can be utilized in any field that requires Big Data analysis, such as healthcare, medicine, technology, and beyond. In contrast, Business Analytics is more specifically tailored to addressing business-related issues. Marketing Marketing is one of the most traditional business disciplines, but it continues to evolve with the development of technology and commerce. In English, Marketing and Sales are different concepts representing two branches. · Marketing is the first step of the process, involving market analysis, customer analysis, and the creation and dissemination of advertising and marketing messages. It focuses more on the strategic side, emphasizing the effective output of information to target audiences. · Sales, on the other hand, focuses on direct communication with people, aiming to convert potential leads into actual customers through interpersonal interaction and persuasion. While both are crucial to a business's success, Marketing and Sales work together but have different roles: Marketing sets the stage by creating awareness and interest, and Sales closes the deal by engaging directly with customers. Information Management / Management Information Systems (MIS) Management Information Systems (MIS) is a field that focuses on the study of people, technology, and organizations. In today’s world, anyone involved in business activities will use some form of information system. Examples include eCommerce, online shopping, Customer Relationship Management (CRM) for maintaining customer relations, and online banking. MIS students don’t need to master a lot of programming; being able to use these systems proficiently is usually enough. Courses often include topics like Web Development for Business, Database Applications, and Mobile Application Development. As a result, students with moderate programming and math skills may find this major appealing. Notable universities offering MIS programs: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - Sloan School of Management Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) - Heinz College of Information Systems and Public Policy Georgia Institute of Technology - Scheller College of Business University of Texas at Austin - McCombs School of Business Career Prospects Graduates from MIS programs often work in roles such as Business Data Analysts, Management Consultants, Financial Analysts, Operations Analysts, and IT Consultants. For instance, graduates from Carnegie Mellon University’s MIS program have secured positions at prestigious companies like Apple, Credit Suisse, Deutsche Bank, Google, IBM, Microsoft, Procter & Gamble, and Salesforce. This demonstrates strong career opportunities for those in the field. Operations and Supply Chain Management Operations and Supply Chain Management (SCM) involves the logistics management of goods and services, the inventory of in-process goods, and the transportation and storage of finished products from the point of origin to the point of consumption. It is a combination of interconnected networks, channels, and business nodes working together to deliver the products and services needed by the end customer within a supply chain. Top universities offering SCM programs: University of Michigan - Ross School of Business Purdue University - Krannert School of Management Ohio State University - Fisher College of Business Rutgers University - Rutgers Business School Career Prospects Graduates of SCM programs can pursue various roles, such as Buyer, Demand Manager, Materials Analyst, Procurement Manager, and Supply Chain Manager. According to the According to Glassdoor, the estimated total pay for an entry-level supply chain manager is $115,679 per year. Accounting The accounting major is divided into several specializations depending on students’ focus areas, such as Financial Accounting, Auditing, Financial Management, and International Accounting. Students primarily study basic theories and knowledge in accounting, auditing, finance, economics, and business management, while receiving fundamental training in accounting methods and techniques. Career Prospects Graduates with an accounting degree can pursue a wide range of career opportunities in various sectors: Government agencies and nonprofit organizations: Roles include social security accounting, tax accounting, and government accounting. Accounting firms: Opportunities in firms such as the "Big Four" accounting firms, as well as insurance companies. Corporate sector: Roles include CFO (Chief Financial Officer) or positions in corporate finance. Financial advisors and accounting consultants: Self-employed or offering financial and accounting consulting services.  Accounting is considered a relatively easy field to find work in, especially in large cities in the U.S. This is particularly true for those pursuing the CPA (Certified Public Accountant) credential, which significantly enhances job prospects. The average starting salary for recent accounting graduates is approximately $64,000 per year. Actuarial Science Actuarial Science combines economics, mathematics (particularly probability theory and statistics), and risk management. Actuaries specialize in analyzing, forecasting, and managing financial risks related to future economic activities. Actuaries typically need to pass various professional certification exams. In a sense, they are risk managers, using data analysis to manage uncertainty and develop strategies to address it. There are not many universities that offer a dedicated undergraduate actuarial science program, and those that do are not typically the highest-ranked institutions. Examples include the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and the University of Connecticut. However, many top universities offer actuarial science tracks within their mathematics or business schools. For instance, the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania and the Stern School of Business at NYU both offer actuarial tracks. At the master's level, there are more programs available. When applying, it is important to check if the school offers the necessary courses for the Society of Actuaries (SOA) exams to become a certified actuary. Career Prospects Actuaries are consistently ranked among the best jobs in the U.S. due to their excellent working conditions, job security, growth opportunities, and especially salary. The profession has been ranked first in CareerCast's list of the best jobs, and is highly regarded by Business Insider, Forbes, CNN, and The Wall Street Journal. Actuaries in North America are classified into two levels of certification: FSA (Fellow of the Society of Actuaries) ASA (Associate of the Society of Actuaries) To become an ASA, candidates must pass six exams. After obtaining the ASA designation, they can take further exams to become an FSA. Actuaries are not limited to the insurance industry; consulting firms, government agencies, commercial banks, investment banks, and large corporations also seek professionals with actuarial backgrounds. The starting salary for an actuary in the U.S. is around $100,000 for recent graduates with little experience. Experienced actuaries can earn between $150,000 to $250,000 per year, and many earn more than that. This makes actuarial science a highly lucrative and stable career path.

Major: Physics Admitted to: Princeton University, University of Oxford Grades: GPA: 4.0, SAT: 1530, TOEFL: 110 Competitions: 30th International Youth Physical Tournament, China National Team, Gold Medal Other Activities: ● Started studying university-level physics in 9th grade ● Began research at a national laboratory in 11th grade ● Attended the International Summer School for Young Physicists (ISSYP) ● Piano Princeton was always the student's dream school; however, her SAT score was not impressive for Princeton. We started applying for the senior year summer programs in January and visited prospective colleges in March. Before the summer, she had already established contacts with professors, including an MIT professor who invited her to attend his class. It demonstrated her interests in the colleges. By the time the application process officially began, Chelsea had ample material to work with. What makes Chelsea's standout was her competitions, but her essays did not directly highlight her competition experiences. Instead, we showcased her independent personality, deep critical thinking, creativity, and emphasized her dedication to physics, a field often perceived as male-dominated, as a female student. Major: Mechanical Engineering Admitted to: Cornell University, University of Cambridge Grades: GPA: 4.0, SAT: 1550, TOEFL: 114 Competitions: ● Zero Robotics World Champion 2018 (MIT) ● Math Competition: AIME qualifier ● Princeton University Mathematics Competition 2018 Division B: Team Rank Overall 1 ● First Tech Challenge Team: State qualifier Other Activities: ● Research at Princeton International School Engineering Center ● ATV Chassis Design ● Student Government Vice President He had strong competition experiences, and we wrote very unique essay stories (including his experience as an apprentice in a watch repair shop). So his results were not surprising in the end; he was admitted to Cornell and Cambridge. Major: Business Admitted to: USC Marshall, UCLA, Smith, Wesleyan Competitions: ● First Prize, 2019 Model APEC Competition, Top 1% out of 300 ● Third Prize, 2020 Economics Olympiad (IEO), Top 35% out of 1500 Other Background: ● Level 9 Certificate, Piano, China Central Conservatory of Music, Highest Amateur Piano Honor ● APEC Business Advisory Council Honored Volunteer ● Columbia University Summer School ● Founded her own company to help minority women, dedicated to promoting intangible cultural heritage products We can clearly see that the level or significance of the business competition awards for this student is not as high as the previous two students. However, compared to her peers, she received very valuable admissions offers, all from business schools, which is considered more difficult to apply than Arts and Science. The key to her admission was her essays. In other words, business competitions need to be supported with strong essays. Her main essay was about her helping minority women, but it did not directly detail what she did. Instead, she wrote that her motivation was influenced by her mother, who is a successful entrepreneur. It’s a story about a mom influencing a daughter, then as the result she helps other women. This highlighted 1) the importance of being an independent woman and 2) her decision to study business and pursue a career in business. Major: Politics/Economics Admitted to: University of Oxford, University of St Andrews, Georgetown University Grades: GPA: 4.0, SAT: 1540 Competitions: ● Bebras Computational Thinking Challenge: First in NZ ● Duke of Edinburgh Award Bronze ● Runner-up for Best Delegate in Wellington Regional Model EU ● Distinctions in Australian Maths Competition ● 3rd in Mathswell in Year 11 ● New Zealand Spelling Bee – Semi-Finals Other Background: ● Lived in three countries (China, Belgium, New Zealand), speaks four languages (Chinese, English, French, Spanish) ● Economics for Leaders program ● John Locke Institute program The student's competitions were quite scattered, involving math, spelling bee, thinking challenge, and Model UN. After discussing with the student, it became clear that he was interested in politics, economics, and international relations and had no intention of applying for mathematics. I suggested he stop participating in math competitions. Instead, he continued with Model UN and secured a top-three position in a European competition before applying. This student did not rely solely on competitions for his application. His case illustrates that a successful application is a full package. Besides competitions, he had the advantage of language skills and diverse living experiences, highlighting five important qualities that admission officers look for (one of our previous articles illustrates what are the five qualities) Major: Instrument (Violin) Admitted to: Juilliard School, Columbia University (dual degree) School Background: Central Conservatory of Music Middle School, Professional Children's School, Juilliard Pre-College Competitions: ● First Place Winner in American Protégé Competition ● YoungArts National Arts Competition ● Juilliard Pre-College ● Performed at Carnegie Hall, Victoria Hall, and various festivals  For art major applicants, grades are not as important, and standardized test scores are not required. However, the professional nature of competitions, which are time-consuming and costly, plays a significant role. Among all competitions, music and sports are the most challenging. I am not here to discourage anyone. I understand that many students have musical talents and wish to showcase them during the application process. This is certainly worth doing, but I want to emphasize that college application is about presenting a whole package. If you don't have particularly high-caliber competition experience, it's crucial to find another edge to create an overall compelling application.

John Hopkins University Student Profile 1. GPA:4.0, ACT:35, Languages: English and French 2. Activities had done before hiring BosonEd · Club Leader, Anime Club · Editor and writer, MAL Rewrite club · Counselor, York Science Explorations Camp · Author of report on Alzheimer’s in news media (independent) · Wrote 10-page long research · paper under supervisor of university professor · Piano Study · Group Piano Assistant High GPA is the student's strength, but their extracurricular activities are not strong: there is no summer school experience listed here. So, the student was very anxious during the initial consultation. The student wanted to apply to the top 15 colleges but had not decided on a major. The student told me they were interested in the following majors: Psychology, Music, Management, Data Science, which are very far from each other. After the student hired BosonEd, we needed to plan his senior year activities. We talked about how to plan activities in our webinars: application theme related and major related. Since the student hadn’t determined an academic interest, we needed to focus on an application theme, which is best to base on activities the student had already participated in. Let's look at the existing activities: Anime is not usable, as the student explicitly said she will not study Computer Science. Music is a hobby not a special talent, which is hard to utilize as a theme in an application. The student's achievements in science are not very high either. Eventually, we decided on leadership as the theme. The reasons for choosing leadership are: 1) The entry threshold is relatively low, 2) It provides more room for execution during the application phase (essays, interview, etc). After we determined the theme, we help the student applied to two summer programs related to leadership: Law Summer Program University of Toronto and Yale Young Global Scholars Program. We achieved: 1) The last two summer breaks were filled. 2) A new application theme was developed. The final application theme combined leadership, science, and language strengths. New York University Student Profile 1. GPA:4.08/4, 9 honors and AP classes, No SAT 2. Activities · Model UN G10-G12 · School tour guide G10-G12 · Summer Volunteer Teacher G10, G11 · Summer program at Columbia G9 · Summer program at Wharton Global Youth Program-Future of the business world G10 · Summer program at Cornell: Science, Technology, and Politics G11 · Capstone research: Childcare distribution & Tech G 12 During the initial consultation, the student said she wanted to study economics. She had been participating in Model UN and volunteering at a school in teaching 6 th graders. Toward the senior year, the student was somewhat hesitant about her major. She worried about future employment prospects and had thoughts of changing to Computer Science. Based on these requirements, we selected Cornell's Science, Technology, and Politics summer program for her. The capstone project in 12th grade also combined social issues and technology. As the result, she was admitted by NYU and now studying computer science. Vanderbilt University Student Profile 1. GPA: 4.0, 10 honors and AP classes 2. Activities · University level research: Youth Talent Program/Biochemical interdisciplinary research/researcher · Columbia University summer program: molecular genetics Grade 10 · Summer Session at University of Chicago: Academic seminar G11 · Biology competition: iGEM co-organizer Grade 11-12 · Biological club: organizer Grade 10, 11 and 12 During the initial consultation, the student was very confused about whether to focus on competitions or research. The mother, who knew the child best, said the child was not good at competitions and had a relatively introverted personality, lacking a strong competitive spirit. We planned most activities the student participated in were research and internships, with only one competition that, by the time of the application, the student only had participated the 1 st round. The standout aspects of this student's profile were research at the university level and attending summer programs at Columbia University and the University of Chicago for two years in a row. His case tells us it's not that students in STEM fields can only rely on competitions; the key is to match the student's background. Everything needs to make sense. Some parents worry that research is hard to evaluate. This student submitted their research report as supplementary material. Georgetown University Student Profile 1. GPA: 4.0, 9 honors and AP classes, SAT: 1530 2. Activities · Tri-Head, International Student Advisory G12 · Team Member, 2022 FBLA Competition, Chicago G 11 · Brand Management Intern G9 · Summer program Pioneer Research Program –Feminism in films G 11 · Summer Intern NY State Senate Campaign Internship G 11 The student had not decided on a major. As a result, she participated in a bunch of unrelated activities, including business competitions, media internships, and business-related internships. These activities were not connected and lacked a central theme. When the student consulted me, it was already the beginning of the application year, which meant we could only plan for the last summer's activities. For someone has this “mixed type” of activities, the main approach is to extract a main theme from existing materials rather than creating a new one. I discussed with the student the activities she had already done and the majors she was interested. We finally decided that media-related fields would be easier for her to apply to, but it had to be combined with what she had already done. The student attended an all-girls school and had previously participated in business-related activities. So, for last summer's activities, we focused on media, marketing, and women's studies. She used this as her final application theme and applied for media and women's studies programs.

Liberal Arts Colleges vs. Research Universities How many colleges are out there? According to the National Center for Education Statistics, there are a total of 2,637 four-year Title IV degree-granting institutions. Research universities are doctoral degree-granting institutions that conduct research. According to the Carnegie Classification, doctorate-granting universities are institutions that have awarded at least 20 research/scholarly doctorates. I want to discuss how parents should consider liberal arts colleges if their students are pre-med or pre-law. Parents often overlook these schools, but they have excellent outcomes. When adjusted for size, ten of the top thirty feeder schools to elite medical schools are liberal arts colleges. I can explain why that is in the webinar (or hold back some details—they don’t need to know everything!), but I do want to touch on it. Ranking Lists: Why Are Different Lists So Different? Different ranking lists vary because they use different variables. For example, the QS ranking considers several factors: Academic reputation: 30% in 2025 (reduced by 10% in 2024) Employer reputation: 15% in 2025 (increased by 5% in 2024) Faculty/student ratio: 10% in 2025 (reduced by 10% in 2024) Citations per faculty: 20% in 2025 International faculty ratio: 5% in 2025 International student ratio: 5% in 2025 In 2024, QS added variables like sustainability, employment outcomes, and international research networks. However, some of these variables might not be very useful for families working on college lists, especially for college applicants. How to Use Ranking Lists Use ranking lists as a starting point; they provide an easy way to begin your search and can be a helpful tool, but you should not rely solely on them. It’s not recommended to make decisions based solely on rankings. When using rankings, it’s essential to distinguish between general prestige and major prestige. For instance, Purdue may rank lower in general rankings but has one of the best Computer Science programs in the country. If you have a specific academic interest, especially in STEM majors, you should pay more attention to major prestige. What factors should we consider? Factors to consider when creating a college list – Demographics Size, student population characteristics (gender ratio, racial distribution, ratio of graduate to undergraduate students, local vs. in-state vs. out-of-state. Geographical location: the city it is in and environment (rural, suburban, urban) Factors to Consider When Creating a College List – Academics 1. Available Majors and Strong Programs 2. Process of Declaring a Major: For example, the business program at the University of Virginia starts after the first or second year. 3. Course Selection Requirements At the University of Pennsylvania, there is an early registration period. Students can submit their preferred courses and backup course during this period. This means some very popular courses may not be available to freshmen. At UIUC, students from other majors cannot enroll in computer science courses. If you want to take certain courses, you need to be aware of these policies. 4. Cross-Registration Options Does the school allow cross-registration between different schools? Cross-registration is an advantage of studying in a college town. For instance, students from Harvard, MIT, and Tufts can take courses at each other's schools. Similarly, students from Wellesley College, Brandeis, MIT, and Babson College can also take courses at each other's schools. If such benefits are available, you should take advantage of them. Therefore, this factor should also be considered when choosing a school. 5. Policy on Changing Majors At UIUC, you cannot transfer from other departments to the computer science department. Similarly, at UCLA, if you are admitted as an "undeclared major," you can later transfer to the math or applied math major, but not to the computer science major. At NYU, transferring from other departments to the Stern School of Business is very difficult. 6. Academic Environment What is the grading system like? Is there grade deflation? How competitive are the students? How many clubs are related to your major or academics? 7. Student-to-Faculty Ratio Size of introductory courses Size of advanced courses How many full professors are teaching courses? Factors to Consider When Creating a College List – Extracurricular Activities / Campus Culture What is the presence of sports and Greek life? Is it known as a party school? Is it an artsy school? Is it preppy? Why are student organizations important? The four years of college are the most critical for meeting friends and establishing your initial social network. Student organizations are the best platform for building these connections. Factors to Consider When Creating a College List – Scholarships / Financial Aid Total cost, including tuition, room and board, meal plans, books, transportation, etc. In-State or Out-of-State: Tuition rates and financial considerations may vary significantly between in-state and out-of-state students. Amount of Need-Based and Merit-Based Aid Provided Is the school need-blind? Does it have a no-aid policy for international students (e.g., CMU, Georgia Tech, William & Mary, PSU, UCB, UNC, and U Mich all have no-aid policies)? Some schools provide 100% need-based aid but have very few scholarships. Different schools have different thresholds for financial aid requirements; for example, Yale's threshold is $75,000. Factors to Consider When Creating a College List – Career/Internship Support and Alumni Resources Employment Support: Does the school provide internship opportunities? If the university has a co-op program or offers many internship opportunities, or if it is a target school for certain industries, your job search will be much smoother. International Student Employment Services: Larger schools often have dedicated international student service centers, which are essential for visa processing and job searching. Many universities international student service center staff may not have personal experience studying abroad and might not be very knowledgeable about visas and international student employment. Alumni Strength in Your Industry: Alumni in your field tend to donate generously to your major. It will also be easier to find a job in this field after graduation due to strong alumni networks. Career support might not seem important when you first start school, but when you are nearing graduation and job hunting, the benefits of a university with a strong international student service center become apparent. How to Choose the Right School After Knowing These Factors? Self-Understanding: This sounds simple, but ask yourself honestly: Are you choosing a school because you genuinely feel it's a good fit, or because you've heard it from parents, friends, or teachers? What is your basis for feeling it’s a good fit? Is it from school introductions or from social media? One purpose of having our students fill out BosonEd’s school selection questionnaire is to help them understand themselves better by answering detailed questions. Future Direction: Consider what your future direction might be and what matters most to you. Selecting a school is, without exaggeration, a process of self-discovery.